Associations between morphometric variables and weight and yields carcass in Pirapitinga Piaractus brachypomus

The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between morphometric variables and carcass characteristics in Pirapitinga. We used a thousand specimens of Pirapitinga with an average weight of 1,200 g, which were stunned, slaughtered, weighed, measured, and processed for morphometric and processing yield analysis, to obtain weights, carcass and fillet yields. Initially, the linearity of the variables was verified. Pearson's simple and partial correlation tests were performed between all metrics. Track analysis was performed considering the weights and yields of carcass and filet as dependent variables and the others as independent variables. Ridge regression models were used to eliminate the effects of multicollinearity among the independent variables. Observations showed that the simple correlations between body weights and yields were superior to the partial ones in terms of magnitude. The length and circumference of the specimens were the measures most linearly associated with weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight. As for carcass yield and fillet yield, linear correlation coefficients were low and not significant when associated with body weights. With the path analysis, we could observe significant positive correlations between the morphometric measurements for weight, carcass weight and fillet with rib weight. The standard length, body circumference and body circumference/body height ratio are the most correlated. The latter are the most important variables in the evaluation of body weights in Pirapitinga fish. They can serve as criteria for indirect selection in searching for fish with better carcass characteristics. As for fillet and carcass yields, the morphometric variables have not shown to be efficient for indirect selection.     

棉花新品种冀棉818的选育及栽培技术

冀棉818是以W112为母本,抗单258-1为父本,经过多年南繁北育定向选择,形成的转基因抗虫棉新品种,2019年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定,具有早熟、丰产、抗病虫等特点。阐述了冀棉818的选育过程、主要特征特性和栽培技术要点。     

江苏近年育成粳稻新品种/系的稻瘟病抗性基因及穗颈瘟抗性分析

【目的】明确水稻品种携带的抗稻瘟病基育种应用价值,是利用抗病基因培育抗病品种控制病害流行的重要前期工作。【方法】利用功能标记分析了14个抗稻瘟病基因在江苏近年育成的195个粳稻新品种/系中的分布情况,并对其中158个品种和17份携带抗稻瘟病基因Pigm的高世代回交株系进行穗颈瘟接种鉴定。【结果】大多数品种携带2~5个抗病基因,但所有品种均不含有Pigm基因;Pib、Pita和Pikh基因在供试品种中的分布频率较高,均在45%以上,其余基因均在30%以内;Pid3、Pid2、Pia、Pb1在新育成品种中的出现频率明显高于审定品种。测试品种对穗颈瘟的抗性主要与3个基因显著相关,贡献率由高至低依次为Pia、Pi3/5/i和Pita;其中,Pia或Pi3/5/i与Pita间的聚合效应均显著高于各基因单独存在时的抗病效应,且以Pia和Pita间的聚合效应最强,携带该基因组合的所有品种对穗颈瘟均表现抗至高抗水平抗性。回交导入Pigm基因的所有17份株系对穗颈瘟的抗性均显著高于各自轮回亲本,且均达到了抗病以上水平。【结论】抗病基因Pigm及基因组合“Pia+Pita”在江苏粳稻抗穗颈瘟育种中具有重要的育种应用价值。     

武威市畜禽粪污土地承载潜力分析

为评估武威市畜禽养殖粪污土地承载潜力,本文按照以地定畜、种养平衡的原则,从畜禽粪污养分供给和土壤粪肥养分需求的角度出发,科学测算了武威市近三年畜禽粪污养分供给量和本区域植物粪肥养分需求量,分析武威市各县区畜禽粪污土地理论承载力和实际承载力差距,推算出潜在承载力,为政府决策、部门制定畜牧业发展规划提供依据。     

H9N2禽流感病毒全基因组密码子使用偏好性及影响因素分析

【目的】探究H9N2禽流感病毒(AIV)全基因组的密码子使用偏好性及影响因素。【方法】选取2010—2018年国内H9N2 AIV流行毒株的全基因组为研究对象,分析其碱基组成特性、最优密码子、密码子使用偏好性的影响因素以及病毒对宿主密码子使用模式的适应性。【结果】H9N2 AIV的全基因组中AU含量高于GC。大部分最优密码子以A或U结尾,有效密码子数(ENC)平均值为52.86,提示存在密码子使用偏好性但偏好性较低。密码子使用偏好性主要受到突变压力和自然选择的共同作用,其中自然选择(所占比例为61.79%～76.15%)作用大于突变压力(所占比例为23.85%～38.21%)。H9N2 AIV对人Homo sapiens的密码子适应指数平均值为0.739～0.741,提示H9N2AIV禽流感病毒可能已适应人类的密码子使用模式。【结论】本研究为H9N2 AIV的基因进化分析、已有疫苗的密码子优化和新型疫苗(密码子去优化疫苗)研制提供了理论依据。     

黄地老虎成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

【目的】 筛选对黄地老虎Agrotis segetum雌性成虫具有引诱活性的植物挥发物,为黄地老虎食诱剂的研发提供候选物质【方法】 利用触角电位仪(EAG)测试黄地老虎雌性成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理反应,通过风洞试验,评价每种物质对黄地老虎雌性成虫的吸引作用。【结果】 黄地老虎雌性成虫触角对4种挥发物(癸烷、对乙基苯乙酮、2-甲基壬烷和3,3-二甲基辛烷)没有明显的EAG反应,对其余11种挥发物(1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯)的电生理反应明显,且反应程度随着挥发物浓度的增加而增加,在最大测试浓度100 μg/mL时产生最强烈的电生理反应。在风洞测试中,黄地老虎雌性成虫对1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、癸烷、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、对乙基苯乙酮、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、3,3-二甲基辛烷、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯14种挥发物表现出明显的行为趋好。【结论】 筛选出对黄地老虎雌性成虫具有电生理和行为吸引活性的植物挥发物组分。     

9种杀虫剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果评价

【目的】 筛选应急防控番茄潜叶蛾的绿色、高效农药,为防止进一步扩散为害提供指导。【方法】 选择9种内吸性杀虫剂,分2个浓度梯度,总计在田间设置18个药剂处理和1个清水对照,在药后1、3、7和14 d调查虫口,计算虫口减退率及防效,筛选绿色高效的农药及最佳药剂浓度。【结果】 60 mL /667m²的6%阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m²24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL/667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 3种药剂对番茄潜叶蛾的防治效果和虫口减退率均在90%以上,后两者在后期效果最为明显,具有持效性。3种药剂在药后14 d防效分别为93.6%、93.16%和93.72%,虫口减退率分别为91.20%,90.59%和91.36%。37.5 mL /667m²的0.3%印楝素EW在整个过程防效最低,药后14 d防效为38.04%,其减退率仅为14.79%。【结论】 轮换使用60 mL/667m²的阿维·氯苯酰SC、42 mL /667m² 24%甲氧虫酰肼SC、7.5 mL /667m²的20%氯虫苯甲酰胺SC在生产上。     

新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析

【目的】研究新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变规律,提高小麦资源的利用效率,为新疆春小麦品种选育和改良提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦育成品种为材料,对其主要性状进行综合评价分析,以春小麦90K芯片开展新疆春小麦育成种亲缘关系分析。【结果】新疆春小麦育成种遗传多样性丰富,平均遗传多样性指数2.005,变幅为1.902~2.181。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、穗粒数与育种年代呈极显著正相关。新疆春小麦品种选育主要是通过常规杂交育种、杂交辐射诱变育种、引种3种方式。利用小麦90K芯片将新疆春小麦育成种划分为3个类群,显示了各品种之间的亲缘关系。【结论】新疆春小麦育种遗传基础薄弱、遗传多样性逐渐散失,新疆小麦育种应加强资源收集与利用,扩大育种亲本选择,提高品种变异的丰度和广度,以多抗、高产稳产、优质高效的聚合育种,加快新品种选育进程,提高育种效率。     

Embryo-mediated genome editing for accelerated genetic improvement of livestock

Selecting beneficial DNA variants is the main goal of animal breeding. However, this process is inherently inefficient because each animal only carries a fraction of all desirable variants. Genome editing technology with its ability to directly introduce beneficial sequence variants offers new opportunities to modernize animal breeding by overcoming this biological limitation and accelerating genetic gains. To realize rapid genetic gain, precise edits need to be introduced into genomically-selected embryos, which minimizes the genetic lag. However, embryo-mediated precision editing by homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms is currently an inefficient process that often produces mosaic embryos and greatly limits the numbers of available edited embryos. This review provides a summary of genome editing in bovine embryos and proposes an embryo-mediated accelerated breeding scheme that overcomes the present efficiency limitations of HDR editing in bovine embryos. It integrates embryo-based genomic selection with precise multi-editing and uses embryonic cloning with elite edited blastomeres or embryonic pluripotent stem cells to resolve mosaicism, enable multiplex editing and multiply rare elite genotypes. Such a breeding strategy would enable a more targeted, accelerated approach for livestock improvement that allows stacking of beneficial variants, even including novel traits from outside the breeding population, in the most recent elite genetic background, essentially within a single generation.     

Phenotypic and allelic variation for wort protein Z in Australian and Canadian barleys

Protein Z is a major component in beer foam. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used to analyze wort proteins of two Australian (Buloke and Commander) and two Canadian (CDC Meredith and Bentley) varieties. The Canadian barley contained more abundant proteins from MW 40–45 kDa (pI 5 to 7). These proteins were identified as either protein Z4 or protein Z7 using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Full-length gene of protein Z4 and Z7 were sequenced from Canadian and Australian barleys. Sequence differences were identified in the coding region and upstream regions of the two genes, resulting in protein sequence and expression variations. Molecular markers were designed according to the indels in the upstream regions of protein Z4 and Z7 genes. These markers were highly correlated to wort protein Z content in Canadian and Australian varieties. The Canadian barleys contained ‘high level’ genotypes for protein Z4 and Z7 while most Australian barleys had ‘low level’ genotypes for protein Z4, Z7 or both. The markers identified in this study provide a valuable tool for the selection of protein Z alleles in marker-assisted breeding. Total protein Z content was assessed using different steeping conditions, and increasing air-rest time increased protein Z content in 15 varieties.